LINKING WORDS: REASON
BECAUSE, SO & SO THAT

1. ‘BECAUSE‘ & ‘BECAUSE OF‘
Utilizamos ‘because‘ para unir dos oraciones haciendo que una explique el porqué de otra.
- Everybody loves Johnny Depp. He’s a brillian actor.
- Everyone loves Johnny Depp because he’s a brillian actor.
Usamos también ‘because of‘ para indicar el por qué de algo. Usamos ‘because of‘ seguido de sustantivo:
- All the trains are late because of the bad weather.
No podemos acompañar ‘because of‘ de una oración (sujeto + verbo conjugado + complementos).
All the trains are late because of it is snowing.- All the trains are late because of the snow.
También podemos usar ‘because‘ y ‘because of‘ al principio de una oración. Cuando hacemos esto debemos poner una coma(,) tras la primera oración.
- Because he’s a brilliant actor, everyone loves him.
- Because of the bad weather, all the trains are late.
2. ‘SO‘
Este linker se utiliza para que una oración explique el resultado de otra acción. Se traduce como ‘así que…‘.
- Martha didn’t work hard so she failed her Spanish exam.
- Summers are getting hotter so different types of plants are growing.
3. ‘SO THAT‘ o ‘TO + INFINITIVO’
Por su lado, utilizamos ‘so that‘ para decir ‘por qué una persona hace algo’. Es común ver los verbos modales ‘can‘ o ‘could‘ utilizados tras ‘so that‘.
- John wants to join the police so that he can help people.
- She worked really hard so that she could go to university.
También podemos utilizar ‘to + infinitivo‘ en lugar de la expresión ‘so that‘ con el mismo significado.
- I’m joining the police so that I can help people.
- I’m joining the police to help people.
Es más común encontrar la opción del ‘to + infinitivo‘ en el día a día, pero también podemos encontrarnos el ‘so that‘.
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
because, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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1. Pregunta
Match the two parts of the sentences to tell Antonio’s story.
Ordenar elementos
- study Mexican history.
- he could spend a long time there.
- it was late and he needed a room.
- it was too expensive
- save money.
- the loud noise every evening.
- Antonio moved in with him.
- Antonio talked to her a lot.
- he could get married to Maria.
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Antonio went to Mexico to
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He stopped work for a year so that
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He arrived in the city and went to a hotel because
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After three days he left the hotel because
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He moved into a student hostel to
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But he didn't like it there because of
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A friend had a free room in his house so
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His friend's sister was nice so
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In the end Antonio stayed in Mexico so that
CorrectoIncorrecto
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
but, because, because of, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Complete the conversation. Use one word only for each question. You can only use the linkers studied so far.
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ART: Sorry I’m late, Sonia. The police stopped me (0)because I was driving too fast.
SONIA: Not again! So you were driving fast (1) get here on time, were you?
ART: No, (2) I was trying to catch the car in front. The driver dropped his wallet at the petrol station and I wanted to give it back to him, (3) I followed him. I was driving fast so (4) I could catch him.
SONIA: Did you catch him?
ART: No, I didn’t, (5) the police stopped me before I could catch him.
SONIA: But why didn’t they stop the other man?
ART: I don’t know!
SONIA: It’s probably because (6) your silly fast car.
ART: Anywy, they took me to the police station (7) that they could interview me.
SONIA: What – for driving too fast?
ART: No… it was also (8) of the wallet. They thought that I’d stolen it!
CorrectoIncorrecto -
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
and, but, or, because, because of, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Fill in the gap with the right word from the two options given for each gap
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Hi Fabio,
It was good to hear your news. I’m glad that everything is going well with your new job.
Let me tell you my news – I’ve become a special police officer. That means that I work a few hours a week for the police. I decided to do this (1) try something different in the evenings and at weekends. I don’t do everything that a real officer does, (2) it’s very interesting (3) there are advantages. For example, we have to help the normal police officers at football matches, which is great (4) I love football. We also talk to children in schools (5) they can learn about being safe in the streets. We have to do four hours a week (6) I often do more (7) I really enjoy it. We aren’t paid, (8) we get our uniforms (9) I spend time with interesting people.(1) so / to
(2) or / but
(3) and / so
(4) because of / because
(5) to / so that
(6) so that / but
(7) because / so
(8) but / so
(9) or / and
CorrectoIncorrecto -
RAZÓN Y PROPÓSITO

1. UNIENDO ORACIONES
Es muy común y necesario en muchas ocasiones relacionar distintas oraciones para que una realice cierta función para la otra. Por ejemplo, en ocasiones necesitamos explicar la razón o el propósito por lo que hacemos algo. Esto se hace siempre mediante el uso de ‘LINKING WORDS’, por ejemplo ‘because‘ o ‘since‘.
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, esta oración que cuenta la razón, el propósito, etc. de otra, puede ir al principio (separada por una coma) o en segundo lugar dentro de la frase.
- Because there is plenty of sunshine and rain, farmers can grow plants easily.
- Farmers can grow plants easily because there is plenty of sunshine and rain.
2. ‘LINKERS’ PARA INTRODUCIR RAZONES
BECAUSE
Se utiliza para introducir una razón para algo. Esta ‘LINKING WORD’ va seguida de una oración completa con su sujeto, verbo conjugado y complementos.
- I don’t use trains because they are too expensive.
- The show was cancelled because it rained.
BECAUSE OF
Este ‘LINKER’ es muy parecido al anterior en significado. La diferencia es que este nunca puede ir seguido directamente de una oración, sino de un sustantivo.
- I don’t use trains because of the cost.
- The show was cancelled because of the rain.
AS & SINCE
Estas ‘LINKING WORDS’ se utilizan para introducir una razón que es conocida.
- As we are late, we’d better get a taxi (sabemos que llegamos tarde).
- We can’t get into this club since we don’t have a membership card (sabemos que no tenemos una tarjeta de miembros).
3. ‘LINKERS’ DE PROPÓSITO
Cuando queremos decir por qué hacemos algo utilizamos linkers como: ‘in order to‘ (con la finalidad de), ‘so as to‘ (para, con el objetivo de), ‘in order that‘ (para que) o ‘so that‘ (para o ‘y así’).
- They flood the rice fields with water to protect the young plants.
- They flood the rice fields with water in order to protect the young plants.
- They flood the rice fields with water so as to protect the young plants.
- Drive carefully so that you will arrive safely.
- They’ve changed the law in order that the police can listen to calls.
- They’ve changed the law so that the police can listen to calls.
En muchas ocasiones podemos utilizar verbos modales (can, could, will, would) tras ‘LINKERS’ como ‘so that‘ y ‘in order that‘.
- I’m buying a magazine so that I’ll have something to read on the flight.
Todas estos estos ‘LINKERS’ pueden ser utilizados para introducir un resultado que es negativo.
- I caught the earlier train so as not to be late for my interview.
- We took plenty of pounds so that we wouldn’t run out of cash while we were in London.
También podemos indicar propósito con el ‘infinitivo de propósito. Esto es, to + infinitivo. Utilizamos esta estructura cuando queremos indicar la finalidad con la que nosotros o alguna otra persona hace algo.
- I went to the shop to get some milk.
- I went to the shop
for gettingmilk
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
Razón y propósito B1/B2 (1)
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Complete the conversation with the right option from the list for each gap.
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AMANDA: Hello, Elizabeth. What are you doing here?
ELIZABETH: I’ve come (1) buy one of those patio heaters.
AMANDA: Really?
ELIZABETH: Yes, we thought we’d buy one (2) it’s getting cooler now. We need one (3) we’ll be able to carry on sitting outside in the evenings… and – well, it’s (4) the grandchildren, too. They love playing in the garden when they come to us after school. I want to be able to sit outside (5) watch them. What about you?
AMANDA: Oh, I’m looking for a hosepipe. (6) the garden is so large, it’s really rather hard work with just a watering can – and I’m not getting any younger! But the ones here are all too short. I need an extra long one (7) reach the plants at the back of the garden.
ELIZABETH: What about an automatic watering system? (8) this summer has been so dry, we’ve put one in our garden. It’s very good. It comes with an automatic timer (9) you don’t have to worry about turning it on or off.
AMANDA: What a good idea! I’ll see if they’ve got one here.
———-
(1) to | for
(2) because of | as
(3) in order | so that
(4) because | because of
(5) in order to | so that
(6) Since | Because of
(7) so as to | in order that
(8) Because of | Because
(9) so that | since
CorrectoIncorrecto -
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
Razón y propósito B1/B2 (2)
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Match the two parts of the sentences.
Ordenar elementos
- it doesn't rain very often.
- the lack of rain.
- we water the plants.
- to make them grow.
- we water them.
- that they will grow.
- make them grow.
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We water the plants because
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We water the plants because of
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Because it doesn't rain very often,
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We water the plants so as
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In order to make the plants grow,
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We water the plants so
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We water the plants to
CorrectoIncorrecto