LINKING WORDS B1+/B2
INTRODUCCIÓN
Los ‘LINKERS’ o ‘LINKING WORDS’ son elementos básicos del inglés. Nos permiten establecer relaciones entre oraciones y distintas partes del mensaje para que estos se vean cohesionados y nos permitan transmitir mensajes más complejos con simples oraciones, sin necesidad de estructuras gramaticales más complejas.
Mediante el uso de ‘LINKING WORDS’ podemos establecer distintos tipos de relaciones entre distintas oraciones. Al emplear ‘LINKERS’ una oración puede explicar a otra, explicar el propósito de lo dicho anteriormente, añadir información extra o ordenar distintos sucesos expresados por distintas oraciones.
Los distintos ‘LINKERS’ no solo se diferencian en el significado; muchas veces su manera de funcionar también es distinta, y debemos conocerlas para usarlos de la forma más correcta al hablar y sobre todo al escribir.
Pre-test
Prueba lo que sabes antes de empezar
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Pregunta 1 de 18
1. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
1. We can stay at this hotel __________ we can look for a better one.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 18
2. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
2. Both Sony __________ Philips produce electrical goods.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 18
3. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
3. I left my job __________ I was getting bored with the work.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 18
4. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
4. The camera didn’t work properly __________ we got a refund.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 18
5. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
5. __________ we turned on the light, we noticed the broken window.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 18
6. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
6. Please wait here until the dentist __________ ready for you.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 7 de 18
7. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
7. __________ we were having dinner at the restaurant, it started snowing.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 8 de 18
8. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
8. You have to buy a ticket at the machine before __________ on the bus.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 9 de 18
9. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
9. We got up really late. Then we missed the bus and had to wait fort the next one. __________, we arrived at the wedding ten minutes late.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 10 de 18
10. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
10. We didn’t go to the beach __________ the bad weather.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 11 de 18
11. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
11. __________ we have a large garden, we should have the party at our house.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 12 de 18
12. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
12. There was so much sun __________ sunburnt.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 13 de 18
13. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
13. The suitcase was too heavy __________ to carry.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 14 de 18
14. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
14. In addition to __________, we had to pay for parking.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 15 de 18
15. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
15. __________ it is hot in August, we enjoy going to the beach then.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 16 de 18
16. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
16. The manager refused to give us a refund __________ we had a receipt.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 17 de 18
17. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
17. We usually take our holidays __________ the summer.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 18 de 18
18. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
18. After __________ in Thailand for a year, we got a taste for spicy food.CorrectoIncorrecto
¿CÓMO USAR LOS LINKERS?

Distintos ‘LINKERS’ tienen distintos significados, pero esta no es la única diferencia que puede existir entre ellos. Distintos linkers pueden ir seguidos de distintos elementos (una oración completa, un sustantivo, un gerundio, etc). Esto debe ser tenido en cuenta a la hora de estudiarlos. En muchas ocasiones los estudiantes aprenden solo el significado del ‘LINKER’, pero a la hora de la verdad no saben de los elementos que algunos de estos pueden llevar tras ellos.
1. ‘LINKERS’ + ORACIÓN
La mayoría de los linkers funcionan de esta manera. Ponen en relación dos oraciones, por lo cual tras ellos nos encontramos que van seguidos de una oración al uso, esto es, una oración con su sujeto, verbo conjugado (presentes, pasados, futuros, etc.) y los complementos que necesite. Esto pasa por ejemplo con el ‘LINKER’ ‘because‘ (significa ‘porque‘).
- We didn’t go to the park because it was raining.
2. LINKERS + NOMBRE/PRONOMBRE/GERUNDIO
Lo expuesto en el apartado anterior es lo más normal, pero esto no ocurre siempre así. En ocasiones nos encontramos con algunos ‘LINKERS’ que tras ellos no puede ir una oración normal. Son ‘LINKING WORDS’ que solo pueden ir seguidas bien de sustantivos, pronombres o verbos en gerundio (con -ing). Es el caso del linkers ‘because of‘ (significa ‘debido a’).
- We didn’t go to the park because of the rain.
Cuando uno de estos ‘LINKERS’ va seguidos de uno de estos elementos, estos pueden llevar a su vez otros elementos como determinantes, adjetivos o oraciones de relativo.
- We didn’t go to the park because of the heavy rain.
- We didn’t go to the park because of the rain that was falling that day.
3. LINKERS Y PUNTUACIÓN
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
‘because’ VS ‘because of’
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Pregunta 1 de 10
1. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
1. We couldn’t go to the park __________ it was raining.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 10
2. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
2. We couldn’t go to the park __________ the rain.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 10
3. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
3. We couldn’t go to the park __________ the torrential rain.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 10
4. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
4. We couldn’t go to the park __________ the rain, which was really heavy.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 10
5. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
5. Everyone left early __________ Mark and Hellen had an argument.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 10
6. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
6. I was late __________ the traffic.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 7 de 10
7. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
7. We couldn’t reach the airport on time __________ the traffic was terrible.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 8 de 10
8. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
8. He was fired __________ the bad decisions he had made.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 9 de 10
9. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
9. He can’t walk __________ his illness.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 10 de 10
10. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these 10 sentences.
10. __________ the language problem, I couldn’t win the argument.CorrectoIncorrecto
DANDO INFORMACIÓN Y OPCIONES

1. ‘AND’, ‘BUT’, ‘OR’, ‘NOT ONLY’
Podemos usar ‘AND‘, ‘BUT‘ y ‘OR‘ para unir dos oraciones. Ponemos el ‘LINKER’ entre las dos oraciones.
- I’ve washed up and I’ve put the dishes away.
- I’ve washed up, but I haven’t put the dishes away.
- I can wash up or I can put the dishes away.
Después de ‘AND‘ y ‘OR‘ no necesitamos repetir el sujeto (I, he, you, etc.) o auxiliares ni modales.
- I’ve washed up and (I’ve) put the dishes away.
- I can wash up or (I can) put the dishes away.
Incluso si el verbo es el mismo en ambas oraciones, este se puede quitar y no repetirlo.
- I’ve made a cake and (I’ve made) some biscuits.
- Would you like tea or (would you like) coffee?
AND
Para añadir información extra y relacionar oraciones que aporta ideas similares que suman utilizamos ‘and‘:
- Dave turned the key and opened the door.
NOT ONLY (NO SOLO)
Parecido al ‘LINKER’ ‘and‘, pero más enfático, encontramos este ‘not only‘ que puede ir solo o llevar un añadido ‘not only… but also‘.
- It’s expensive and badly made.
- It’s not only expensive, it’s badly made.
- It’s not only expensive, but also badly made.
OR
Podemos utilizar ‘or‘ para introducir una posible elección entre dos o más elementos.
- Which do you prefer – tea or coffee?
- I’d like a holiday in Cardiff, London or Bristol.
2. ‘BOTH… AND‘, ‘EITHER… OR‘, ‘NEITHER… NOR‘
Podemos usar las estructuras ‘both… and‘ y ‘either… or‘ para hacer más fuerte el significado de ‘and‘ y ‘or‘.
BOTH… AND
Para conectar dos acciones, cosas o personas similares en algún aspecto podemos utilizar ‘both… and‘.
- Clint Eastwood both acted in the film and directed it.
- Hilary speaks French and Japanese.
- Hilary speaks both French and Japanese.
- We can go shopping and see the film. We’ve got time.
- We can both go shopping and see the film. We’ve got time.
EITHER… OR
Cuando solo hay dos opciones podemos emplear ‘either… or‘. Solo cuando tenemos una elección entre dos posibilidades.
- You can either come with me or stay here.
- We can go either by bus or by train.
- We can watch TV or we can listen to music.
- We can either watch TV or (we can) listen to music.
NEITHER… NOR
Si las dos opciones que tenemos son negativas podemos entonces utiliar ‘neither… nor‘.
- She has no talent – she can neither sing nor dance! (=She can’t sing and she can’t dance).
- Neither the chairman nor his assistant usually attends the conference.
3. AS WELL AS, IN ADDITION TO
Podemos utilizar la expresión ‘as well as‘ (además de, así como también) y en el inglés formal ‘in addition (to) (además de, a ello se suma)’ para sumar ideas que van añadiendo información extra y similar.
- She has a car as well as a bicycle.
- As well as a bicycle, she has a car.
- You must supply proof of your current address in addition to proof of identity.
- We offer a range of phone services. In addition, we can supply Internet access.
Si queremos utilizar un verbo tras estos ‘LINKERS’, debemos utilizar un gerundio.
- Harry sings as well as playing the violin.
Harry sings as well as plays the violin.
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
‘and’, ‘but’, y ‘or’
Resumen del Cuestionario
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Pregunta 1 de 7
1. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
1. I’ve booked the flights _____ I’ve found a great hotel!CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 7
2. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
2. I’ve booked the flights _____ I couldn’t find a hotel.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 7
3. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
3. I’m afraid I haven’t booked the flights _____ found a hotel. I’ve been too busy.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 7
4. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
4. I haven’t booked the flights yet _____ I’ve found a really good hotel.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 7
5. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
5. We visited Mum in hospital _____ took her a huge bunch of flowers.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 7
6. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
6. Did you visit Mum in hospital _____ did you just phone her today?CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 7 de 7
7. Pregunta
Complete the sentences with and, but or or.
7. We visited Mum in hospital _____ we couldn’t bring her home today.CorrectoIncorrecto
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
Both… and, either… or, neither… nor
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Pregunta 1 de 7
1. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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1. Neither nor watch TV.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 2 de 7
2. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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2. Debra Anna watch TV.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 3 de 7
3. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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3. Debra Claudio listen to music.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 4 de 7
4. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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4. Steve Claudio play computer games.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 5 de 7
5. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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5. Claudio Anna read magazines.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 6 de 7
6. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below, using the information from the questionnaire.
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6. Steve Debra read magazines.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 7 de 7
7. Pregunta
Complete the sentences below.
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7. Both buses go to the city centre. So, you can take number 7 number 9 to get there.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
Not only, as well as, in addition to
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Pregunta 1 de 5
1. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
1. They bought a motorbike __________ to the car they already had.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 5
2. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
2. They have a motorbike __________ as a brand new car.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 5
3. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
3. She earns a lot of money in addition to __________ lots of properties.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 5
4. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
4. It is __________ cheap, it’s of the highest quality.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 5
5. Pregunta
Choose the best option to complete these sentences.
5. They are good at maths as well as __________ several languages.CorrectoIncorrecto
BECAUSE, SO & SO THAT

1. ‘BECAUSE‘ & ‘BECAUSE OF‘
Utilizamos ‘because‘ para unir dos oraciones haciendo que una explique el porqué de otra.
- Everybody loves Johnny Depp. He’s a brillian actor.
- Everyone loves Johnny Depp because he’s a brillian actor.
Usamos también ‘because of‘ para indicar el por qué de algo. Usamos ‘because of‘ seguido de sustantivo:
- All the trains are late because of the bad weather.
No podemos acompañar ‘because of‘ de una oración (sujeto + verbo conjugado + complementos).
All the trains are late because of it is snowing.- All the trains are late because of the snow.
También podemos usar ‘because‘ y ‘because of‘ al principio de una oración. Cuando hacemos esto debemos poner una coma(,) tras la primera oración.
- Because he’s a brilliant actor, everyone loves him.
- Because of the bad weather, all the trains are late.
2. ‘SO‘
Este linker se utiliza para que una oración explique el resultado de otra acción. Se traduce como ‘así que…‘.
- Martha didn’t work hard so she failed her Spanish exam.
- Summers are getting hotter so different types of plants are growing.
3. ‘SO THAT‘ o ‘TO + INFINITIVO’
Por su lado, utilizamos ‘so that‘ para decir ‘por qué una persona hace algo’. Es común ver los verbos modales ‘can‘ o ‘could‘ utilizados tras ‘so that‘.
- John wants to join the police so that he can help people.
- She worked really hard so that she could go to university.
También podemos utilizar ‘to + infinitivo‘ en lugar de la expresión ‘so that‘ con el mismo significado.
- I’m joining the police so that I can help people.
- I’m joining the police to help people.
Es más común encontrar la opción del ‘to + infinitivo‘ en el día a día, pero también podemos encontrarnos el ‘so that‘.
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
because, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Match the two parts of the sentences to tell Antonio’s story.
Ordenar elementos
- study Mexican history.
- he could spend a long time there.
- it was late and he needed a room.
- it was too expensive
- save money.
- the loud noise every evening.
- Antonio moved in with him.
- Antonio talked to her a lot.
- he could get married to Maria.
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Antonio went to Mexico to
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He stopped work for a year so that
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He arrived in the city and went to a hotel because
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After three days he left the hotel because
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He moved into a student hostel to
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But he didn't like it there because of
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A friend had a free room in his house so
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His friend's sister was nice so
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In the end Antonio stayed in Mexico so that
CorrectoIncorrecto
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
but, because, because of, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Complete the conversation. Use one word only for each question. You can only use the linkers studied so far.
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ART: Sorry I’m late, Sonia. The police stopped me (0)because I was driving too fast.
SONIA: Not again! So you were driving fast (1) get here on time, were you?
ART: No, (2) I was trying to catch the car in front. The driver dropped his wallet at the petrol station and I wanted to give it back to him, (3) I followed him. I was driving fast so (4) I could catch him.
SONIA: Did you catch him?
ART: No, I didn’t, (5) the police stopped me before I could catch him.
SONIA: But why didn’t they stop the other man?
ART: I don’t know!
SONIA: It’s probably because (6) your silly fast car.
ART: Anywy, they took me to the police station (7) that they could interview me.
SONIA: What – for driving too fast?
ART: No… it was also (8) of the wallet. They thought that I’d stolen it!
CorrectoIncorrecto -
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
and, but, or, because, because of, so, so that, to+infinitivo
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Fill in the gap with the right word from the two options given for each gap
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Hi Fabio,
It was good to hear your news. I’m glad that everything is going well with your new job.
Let me tell you my news – I’ve become a special police officer. That means that I work a few hours a week for the police. I decided to do this (1) try something different in the evenings and at weekends. I don’t do everything that a real officer does, (2) it’s very interesting (3) there are advantages. For example, we have to help the normal police officers at football matches, which is great (4) I love football. We also talk to children in schools (5) they can learn about being safe in the streets. We have to do four hours a week (6) I often do more (7) I really enjoy it. We aren’t paid, (8) we get our uniforms (9) I spend time with interesting people.(1) so / to
(2) or / but
(3) and / so
(4) because of / because
(5) to / so that
(6) so that / but
(7) because / so
(8) but / so
(9) or / and
CorrectoIncorrecto -
LINKERS DE TIEMPO

1. LINKERS MÁS COMUNES DE TIEMPO
Podemos usar los siguientes LINKERS para hablar de tiempo: when, before, after, until, while, etc.
WHEN, BEFORE Y AFTER
Usamos los ‘LINKERS’ ‘when‘, ‘before‘ y ‘after‘ para mostrar el orden de los eventos.
- I’ll call you when we get back from our holiday.
- I locked the back door before I went to bed.
- I went to bed after I locked he back door.
Recuerda que tras ‘after‘ y ‘before‘ siempre debemos emplear gerundio si colocamos un verbo.
WHEN, WHILE Y UNTIL
También podemos usar los ‘LINKERS’ ‘when‘, ‘while‘ y ‘until‘ para hablar sobre un periodo de tiempo.
- We heard the news when we were in France.
- Wait here until I get back.
- I broke my arm while I was playing tennis.
WHILE VS DURING
Los ‘LINKERS’ ‘while‘ y ‘during‘ funcionan de una manera diferente. ‘while‘ va seguido de una oración, normalmente en pasado continuo; ‘during‘ va seguido de un sustantivo.
- I broke my arm while I was playing tennis.
- I broke my arm during a game of tennis.
Recuerda que ‘during‘ no se debe usar con expresiones de tiempo como ‘two days‘ o ‘one hour‘. Con este tipo de expresiones mejor usar la partícula ‘for‘.
AS SOON AS
‘As soon as‘ significa ‘inmediatamente cuando’.
- Please call us as soon as you arrive.
2. LINKERS DE TIEMPO FUTURO
Cuando empleamos este tipo de ‘LINKERS’, como por ejemplo ‘when‘, before‘, ‘after‘, ‘until‘ o ‘as soon as‘ para referirnos al futuro, debemos usar la forma verbal de presente y no de futuro en la oración que sigue a estas partículas.
- I think I’ll get a good job when I finish university.
- She will come and visit us before she leaves.
- We’re going to have a long holiday after she gets out of hospital.
- Will they wait until she comes?
- I’ll call you as soon as I have any news.
Como ya hemos mencionado en apartados anteriores, la parte de la ‘LINKING WORD’ puede ir delante, en cuyo caso debe ir separada por una coma de la otra oración.
- As soon as they have any news, they’ll call us.
3. USO DE COMAS
Normalmente, cuando empezamos una oración con una ‘LINKING WORD’, usamos una ‘coma’ (,) en mitad de la oración separando las dos partes. Por contra, esto no sucede si la ‘LINKING WORD’ va en medio de la oración.
- As soon as they have any news, they’ll call us (con coma).
- They’ll call us as soon as they have any news (sin coma).
¿Practicamos lo aprendido?
Linking words for ‘time’
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Pregunta 1 de 6
1. Pregunta
Which action happened first?
1. Miriam went travelling after she finished her university course.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 6
2. Pregunta
Which action comes first?
2. I always have a shower before I brush my teeth.CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Which action comes first?
3. We’ll have dinner this evening as soon as you get home from work.CorrectoIncorrecto -
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4. Pregunta
Which action comes first?
4. We had a big party after I passed my driving test.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 6
5. Pregunta
Which action comes first?
5. Don’t worry about washing the dishes – we can do that after you leave.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 6
6. Pregunta
Which action comes first?
6. Wait for me in the café until I finish the shopping.CorrectoIncorrecto
LINKERS PARA HISTORIAS E INSTRUCCIONES

1. DESCRIBIENDO EVENTOS EN EL PASADO
Cuando queremos describir el orden de una serie de eventos que ocurrieron en el pasado (o no) podemos utilizar linkers como ‘first‘ (primero), ‘then‘ (entonces, a continuación), ‘later‘ (después, más tarde), ‘next‘ (seguido) ‘after that‘, ‘in the end‘, ‘during + nombre’, ‘until‘ (hasta), etc.
‘FIRST’
Usamos ‘first‘ para hablar del primer evento.
- Well, you see officer, first a rabbit ran across the road and I stopped quickly.
‘THEN’ & ‘AFTER THAT’
Usamos ‘then‘ y ‘after that‘ para añadir más eventos a la historia que ya hemos empezado a contar.
- Then the car behind me stopped and almos hit me but after that, another car came up really fast and hit the car behind me.
‘IN THE END’
Usamos ‘in the end‘ para el último de una serie de eventos.
- Then nother car came up too fast and another, and in the end, there were six cars there!
También se puede utilizar ‘in the end‘ con el significado de ‘tras mucho tiempo‘.
- In the end, we got our luggage back from the airline.
‘AFTER’ & ‘BEFORE’
Después de ‘after‘ (después de) y ‘before‘ (antes) podemos usar o bien una oración entera, o bien un verbo en gerundio (-ing). Utilizar el gerundio suele verse mucho en escritos, en el ‘writing’.
- I went to bed after I locked the back door.
- I went to bed after locking the back door.
- I decided to travel before I went to university.
- Many school leavers travel before going to university.
‘AFTERWARDS’
Debemos saber distinguir bien entre el uso de ‘after‘ (después de) y ‘afterwards‘, ya que se confunden con frecuencia.
‘After‘ → después de
‘Afterwards‘ → más tarde, luego. Es sinónimo de ‘after that‘.
Después de ‘after‘ tenemos que indicar el evento pasado o primero tras el que ocurre otra cosa.
‘After‘ + evento pasado + evento posterior.
- After watching the film we went to a restaurant.
- We will visit the museum after the tour.
Con ‘afterwards‘ o ‘after that‘ no se indica el evento primero o anterior en la misma oración. Se indica directamente lo que ocurre después. Si se quiere indicar el evento anterior, este debe ir en una oración a parte, bien separado por un punto o por algún otro elemento.
- We watched a film and went to a restaurant afterwards.
- First we will go on a tour. We will visit the museum after that.
‘AS SOON AS’ & ‘EVENTUALLY’
Utilizamos ‘as soon as‘ (tan pronto como) para indicar que un evento ocurre justo después de otro. Por contra, ‘eventually‘ (con el tiempo) se usa con el significado de que un evento ocurre tras otro, pero tras un largo tiempo.
- As soon as they got to the hotel, they phoned their parents.
- At first it seemed impossible. Eventually, she accepted the truth.
2. DANDO INSTRUCCIONES
Para aclarar el orden en el que se deben seguir los pasos de una serie de instrucciones, es común utilizar los ‘LINKERS’ ‘first‘ (primero), ‘next‘ (siguiente), ‘then‘ (luego, después) y ‘finally‘ (finalmente).
- First take five apples, … Next put a little flour in a bowl.
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Telling a story
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1. Pregunta
Choose the correct words to fill in the gaps
Last night I was driving home along an empty motorway. Suddenly, I saw a car behind me – It came quite close, (0)Then /Afterit started flashing its lights. (1)__________, I decided not to stop but (2)__________ I saw signs for a petrol station, so I decided to stop there. (3)__________ driving into the petrol station, I parked in front of the restaurant. (4)__________ I noticed the other car again, so I waited (5)__________ opening my car door. A man and a woman got out of the car and I could see they were police officers, so (6)__________ I got out and spoke to them. They explained that one of my back light wasn’t working and that’s why they were following me.(1)
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2. Pregunta
(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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(6)
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Time & Telling a story
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1. Pregunta
Complete the conversation with linking words from the list.
Linking words: after, after that, before, first, in the end, then, until,when, while.
———--
SUE: I’m bored with studying. Let’s go out now.
BRIAN: I want to do a bit more. Let’s go out (0) when Dan arrives.
SUE: Dan isn’t coming this evening. I told you that (1) you were preparing lunch.
BRIAN: Really? I didn’t hear you. Why isn’t he coming?
SUE: He got home from Poland really late last night.
BRIAN: Oh? I thought he was landing at about 6.00.
SUE: Yes, he landed at 6.00 but everything went wrong (2) the plane landed. (3) , everyone had to sit on the plane for over an hour (4) they could get off. (5) one of Dan’s bags didn’t arrive from the plane, and he had to complete a lot of different forms. (6) he had to wait a long time for a train. (7) , he got home at about 1.00 a.m.
BRIAN: Oh no! But Dan never goes to bed early anyway, so why can’t he come out with us?
SUE: The problem is that the airline has found his bag, and he has to wait at home this evening (8) they deliver it.
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Ordenando eventos
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1. Pregunta
Read the information and choose the correct word to complete each gap.
-
Vesuvius: a volcano erupts
On a summer morning in the year AD 79 the citizens of the Roman town of Pompeii were woken by a sudden earthaquake. (0)As soon as /
Beforepeople felt the earth shake, they ran out of their houses to see what was happening. Vesuvius, the mountain which lay behind the town, seemed to be on fire.(1) the people were watching, a huge column of black smoke rose from the top of the mountain. (2) the smoke had covered the sky, huge chunks of grey ash and rock started to rain down on the city. The terrified citizens began to run into their houses or along th streets of the city. (3) they were running, a huge cloud of grey poisonous smoke filled the air around the town, killing everybody within a few seconds. (4) , long streams of red-hot rock began to run down the sides of Vesuvius, burning the trees and vegetation. (5) , after eighteen hours, the smoke cleared. Nothing was left. All the citizens of Pompeii were dead and the town had disappeared, buried under three metres of grey ash. It was not seen again (6) it was rediscovered in the eighteenth century.
———-
(0) As soon as |Before
(1) During | While
(2) After | Then
(3) After that | While
(4) When | Later
(5) Eventually | Next
(6) while | until
CorrectoIncorrecto -
RAZÓN Y PROPÓSITO

1. UNIENDO ORACIONES
Es muy común y necesario en muchas ocasiones relacionar distintas oraciones para que una realice cierta función para la otra. Por ejemplo, en ocasiones necesitamos explicar la razón o el propósito por lo que hacemos algo. Esto se hace siempre mediante el uso de ‘LINKING WORDS’, por ejemplo ‘because‘ o ‘since‘.
Como hemos mencionado anteriormente, esta oración que cuenta la razón, el propósito, etc. de otra, puede ir al principio (separada por una coma) o en segundo lugar dentro de la frase.
- Because there is plenty of sunshine and rain, farmers can grow plants easily.
- Farmers can grow plants easily because there is plenty of sunshine and rain.
2. ‘LINKERS’ PARA INTRODUCIR RAZONES
BECAUSE
Se utiliza para introducir una razón para algo. Esta ‘LINKING WORD’ va seguida de una oración completa con su sujeto, verbo conjugado y complementos.
- I don’t use trains because they are too expensive.
- The show was cancelled because it rained.
BECAUSE OF
Este ‘LINKER’ es muy parecido al anterior en significado. La diferencia es que este nunca puede ir seguido directamente de una oración, sino de un sustantivo.
- I don’t use trains because of the cost.
- The show was cancelled because of the rain.
AS & SINCE
Estas ‘LINKING WORDS’ se utilizan para introducir una razón que es conocida.
- As we are late, we’d better get a taxi (sabemos que llegamos tarde).
- We can’t get into this club since we don’t have a membership card (sabemos que no tenemos una tarjeta de miembros).
3. ‘LINKERS’ DE PROPÓSITO
Cuando queremos decir por qué hacemos algo utilizamos linkers como: ‘in order to‘ (con la finalidad de), ‘so as to‘ (para, con el objetivo de), ‘in order that‘ (para que) o ‘so that‘ (para o ‘y así’).
- They flood the rice fields with water to protect the young plants.
- They flood the rice fields with water in order to protect the young plants.
- They flood the rice fields with water so as to protect the young plants.
- Drive carefully so that you will arrive safely.
- They’ve changed the law in order that the police can listen to calls.
- They’ve changed the law so that the police can listen to calls.
En muchas ocasiones podemos utilizar verbos modales (can, could, will, would) tras ‘LINKERS’ como ‘so that‘ y ‘in order that‘.
- I’m buying a magazine so that I’ll have something to read on the flight.
Todas estos estos ‘LINKERS’ pueden ser utilizados para introducir un resultado que es negativo.
- I caught the earlier train so as not to be late for my interview.
- We took plenty of pounds so that we wouldn’t run out of cash while we were in London.
También podemos indicar propósito con el ‘infinitivo de propósito. Esto es, to + infinitivo. Utilizamos esta estructura cuando queremos indicar la finalidad con la que nosotros o alguna otra persona hace algo.
- I went to the shop to get some milk.
- I went to the shop
for gettingmilk
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Razón y propósito B1/B2 (1)
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1. Pregunta
Complete the conversation with the right option from the list for each gap.
-
AMANDA: Hello, Elizabeth. What are you doing here?
ELIZABETH: I’ve come (1) buy one of those patio heaters.
AMANDA: Really?
ELIZABETH: Yes, we thought we’d buy one (2) it’s getting cooler now. We need one (3) we’ll be able to carry on sitting outside in the evenings… and – well, it’s (4) the grandchildren, too. They love playing in the garden when they come to us after school. I want to be able to sit outside (5) watch them. What about you?
AMANDA: Oh, I’m looking for a hosepipe. (6) the garden is so large, it’s really rather hard work with just a watering can – and I’m not getting any younger! But the ones here are all too short. I need an extra long one (7) reach the plants at the back of the garden.
ELIZABETH: What about an automatic watering system? (8) this summer has been so dry, we’ve put one in our garden. It’s very good. It comes with an automatic timer (9) you don’t have to worry about turning it on or off.
AMANDA: What a good idea! I’ll see if they’ve got one here.
———-
(1) to | for
(2) because of | as
(3) in order | so that
(4) because | because of
(5) in order to | so that
(6) Since | Because of
(7) so as to | in order that
(8) Because of | Because
(9) so that | since
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Razón y propósito B1/B2 (2)
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1. Pregunta
Match the two parts of the sentences.
Ordenar elementos
- it doesn't rain very often.
- the lack of rain.
- we water the plants.
- to make them grow.
- we water them.
- that they will grow.
- make them grow.
-
We water the plants because
-
We water the plants because of
-
Because it doesn't rain very often,
-
We water the plants so as
-
In order to make the plants grow,
-
We water the plants so
-
We water the plants to
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CAUSA Y RESULTADO

1. THEREFORE & AS A RESULT
En el inglés formal podemos utilizar las ‘LINKING WORDS’ ‘Therefore,‘ (por lo tanto) y ‘As a result,‘ (como resultado), seguidas de ‘coma’, para introducir el resultado de la oración anterior en una nueva oración.
- There was a major hurricane. As a result, local canals were damaged in fifty places.
- Trains have become very expensive. Therefore, more people are travelling by bus.
2. ‘THUS’ & ‘SO’
En algunos casos los LINKERS ‘thus‘ y ‘so‘ pueden tener el mismo significado (así o por consiguiente), siendo ‘thus‘ más formal.
- He is not satisfied. Thus, we must prepare a new proposal.
- He is not satisfied; thus, we must prepare a new proposal.
- He is not satisfied, and(,) thus(,) we must prepare a new proposal.
3. ‘SO‘ & ‘SUCH A (LOT OF)’
Con frecuencia usamos ‘so‘ para contar el resultado de una acción.
- There was a lot of rain so the city was flooded.
- I slept late so I was late for work.
Además de ‘so‘, también podemos utilizar la estructura ‘such + a + that clause‘ para dar más información sobre la causa de algo. En el inglés hablado, con frecuencia dejamos fuera la partícula ‘that’.
SO + ADJETIVO/ADVERBIO
Indica que algo es ‘tan…’
- The damage was so bad (that) the city was flooded.
SO MUCH/LITTLE + NOMBRE INCONTABLE
- He ate so much food (that) he felt sick.
SO MANY/FEW + NOMBRE CONTABLE EN PLURAL
- There were so many people (that) we couldn’t get in.
SUCH + A/AN (+ ADJETIVO) + NOMBRE
- It was such a strong hurricane (that) the city was flooded.
SUCH A LOT OF + NOMBRE
- There was such a lot of noise (that) I just couldn’t sleep.
4. TOO & ENOUGH
Se pueden utilizar ‘too‘ y ‘enough‘ seguidos de infinitivo con ‘to’ para decir por qué cierto resultado es o no posible.
TOO + ADJETIVO
- The lake is too cold to swim in.
- I’m not too old to dance!
TOO + ADVERBIO
- Maria types too slowly to be a secretary.
TOO MUCH/MANY + NOMBRE
- This is too much work to do in one day.
ADJETIVO + ENOUGH
- My new laptop is light enough to carry anywhere.
- The lake isn’t warm enough to swim in.
ADVERBIO + ENOUGH
- I worked just hard enough to pass the course.
- Kevin doesn’t exercise often enough to get fit.
ENOUGH + NOMBRE
- There’s enough food to feed everybody at the party.
- There isn’t enough money to pay for it.
Como hemos visto, estas estructuras con ‘too’ y ‘enough’ van seguidas de ‘to’ + infinitivo. Si el sujeto de esta segunda acción (indicada por el infinitivo) es otro diferente del del primer verbo, podemos usar ‘for + sujeto + infinitivo’ tras la estructura.
- There isn’t enough work for us to do today.
- It’s too far for him to come.
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Causa y Resultado B1/B2 (1)
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1. Pregunta
Complet the sentences with these words and phrases:
a lot of | as a result | for | many |much| so | such
———--
0. There was so much flooding that we couldn’t get back to our homes.
1. There was such snow we couldn’t see out of the windows.
2. The waiter behaved rudely that I walked out of the restaurant.
3. It didn’t rain for four months. , the lakes dried up completely.
4. It was a lovely picture I really had to buy it.
5. The shop had so brands of shampoo I just didn’t know which one to get.
6. That car’s much too expensive us to buy.
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Causa y Resultado B1/B2 (2)
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1. Pregunta
Complete the text with one word only in each gap.
-
TSUNAMI
One of the greatest natural disasters of recent years was the tsunami that ocurred on 26th -December 2004. It was (1) destructive (2) more than 225,000 people were killed.The tsunami (or tidal wave) was caused by (3) a powerful earthquake that it was felt as far away as Alaska. The result was a 30 metre-high wave which hit all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. there was almost no warning of the tsunami. (4) , very few people were prepared for it.
Many houses were destroyed because they weren’t strong (5) to resist the huge wave. People who were (6) young or weak to hold on to solid objects were swept out to sea.
Many of the beaches hit by the tsunami were popular with tourists. (7) a result, more than 9,000 of the casualties were European visitors. Most of the countries around the Indian Ocean didn’t have (8) resources to cope with the disaster (9) it was necessary for international agencies to help in the rescue operation.
Fortunately, there was (10) much publicity that more than $7 billion were raised world wide – enough money (11) many people to rebuild their homes.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
LINKERS PARA MOSTRAR DIFERENCIAS

1. BUT, WHILE, WHEREAS
BUT
Como hemos visto anteriormente utilizamos ‘but‘ para mostrar una simple diferencia entre dos informaciones diferentes.
- The weather was cold but it didn’t rain.
- The latest Batman movie is exciting but very violent.
- My mobile phone has a camera but it is not very good.
WHEREAS, WHILE
Empleamos ‘whereas‘ con el significado de ‘mientras que’, y ‘while‘ con un significado diferente al ‘while‘ visto anteriormente (mientras que, pese a, a pesar de) en situaciones más formales.
- Flight BA101 leaves from London Gatwick, whereas/while flight BA 206 leaves from Stansted.
- While the food there is very good, it isn’t expensive.
2. ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, DESPITE, IN SPITE OF
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
Utilizamos ‘although‘ (aunque), ‘though‘ (aunque, sin embargo) y ‘even though‘ (aunque, a pesar de que) para introducir en nuestras oraciones una diferencia que resulta sorprendente.
- Although it often rains in the summer, Britain has many popular holiday resorts.
- We enjoyed our holiday even though it rained.
- They’re great jeans, though they’re expensive.
‘Although‘, ‘even though‘ y ‘though‘ siempre van seguidos de oraciones completas, con su sujeto, verbo conjugado en algún tiempo verbal (presentes, futuros, pasados, etc) y no puede ir seguido solamente de sustantivos o gerundios.
- We liked our walk even though it rained.
- We liked our walk even though
bad weather.
De estos tres linkers, ‘though‘ es el más informal y puede ir tanto al principio de una oración, con el significado de ‘aunque‘, como al final de la oración, con el significado de ‘no obstante‘
DESPITE, IN SPITE OF
Estos dos ‘LINKERS’ significan ‘a pesar de‘ y pueden ir seguidos o bien de un sustantivo o bien de un gerundio.
- People usually enjoy themselves despite the bad weather.
- Despite its huge success, the website is quite difficult to use.
- I passed the exam in spite of not answering all the questions.
Existe una posibilidad para añadir tras estas dos ‘LINKING WORDS’ una oración completa con su sujeto, verbo conjugado y demás elementos. Para hacer esto debemos añadir tras ellas la expresión ‘the fact that‘.
- In spite of the fact that it rained, we enjoyed our walk.
3. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS
En un inglés más formal podemos utilizar ‘however‘ (sin embargo) y ‘nevertheless‘ (no obstante, sin embargo) para enfatizar una diferencia entre dos oraciones. Por lo general, para utilizar estas ‘LINKING WORDS’, las dos oraciones que pretendemos relacionar se dejan separadas por un punto. El ‘LINKER’ se suele poner tras el punto, en la segunda oración y separado por una ‘coma’ (,).
- Credit cards are very useful for travellers. However, the use of Bizum is growing rapidly.
- Egypt has very little rainfall. Nevertheless, farmers grow many crops using water from the River Nile.
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Pregunta 1 de 9
1. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
1. Marion enjoys her life __________ she doesn’t earn a lot of money.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 9
2. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
2. We had a nice swim __________ the water in the pool was rather cold.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 9
3. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
3. Dave got the job in spite of __________ jeans to the interview.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 9
4. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
4. Your phone bill has not been paid for two months. __________ we are preparad to give you one more month in which to pay before disconnecting your line.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 9
5. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
5. My best friend’s a brilliant footballer __________ he’s useless at swimming!CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 9
6. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
6. __________ the Vestra may not be the cheapest model, it’s th emost reliable.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 7 de 9
7. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
7. We enjoyed the show despite __________ the first twenty minutes..CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 8 de 9
8. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
8. In spite of __________ was bran new,, the car broke down after only one week.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 9 de 9
9. Pregunta
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
9. Our classes are designed for intermediate skiers. __________ we can provide one-to-one lessons for complete beginners.CorrectoIncorrecto
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Pregunta 1 de 1
1. Pregunta
Complete the facts with the words and phrases fro the list.
although| but it | despite | even though | however | in spite of the fact | nevertheless | whereas | while it-
STRANGE FACTS
1. (0) Although the USA only has 5% of the world’s population, it uses 26% of the world’s energy.
2. The valleys near Ross Island in the Antartic are covered in snow and ice, (1) it hasn’t rained there for two million years.
3. Severe storms in the Atlantic are called hurricanes, (2) , severe storms in the Pacific are called typhoons.
4. The Amazon occupies only 1.5% of the worlds surface. (3) , it produces 20% of the earth’s oxygen.
5. The famous leaning tower of Pisa has never fallen over, (4) that it leans at an angle of almost four degrees.
6. (5) being 27 times smaller than the USA, Norway has a longer coastline.
7. (6) is inside just one country, Istanbul is in fact situated on two continents.
8. Now York is an American city. (7) , it contains more Irish inhabitants than Dublin – Ireland’s capital city.
9. The Atlantic Ocean is much smaller than the Pacific (8) has saltier water.
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1. Pregunta
Read the email and complete each gap with the correct option.
-
Subject: Can you help?
Hi Nick,
This is just a quick email (0) because I want to ask you a favour. I think you told me that your friend William is now in the army, (1) is it the navy? Anyway, I’ve decided tht I want to join the army (2) I leave university next year (3) I’d like to talk to someone about it. (4) I’ve only met William once, I’m sure he’d be able to give me some really useful advice. He was (5) friendly that I think he’d be really easy to talk to. The problem is, (6) I met him I didn’t get his phone number. Can you give me his mobile number (7) give him my number (8) ask him to call me if that’s easier?Thanks!
Gavin
———-
(0)and| because
(1) or | either
(2) after | after that
(3) and | or
(4) Despite | Even though
(5) such | so
(6) when | whereas
(7) because | or
(8) in order | and
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1. Pregunta
Complete the tet with one word only in each gap.
-
THE GREAT STORM
(0) Although Britain is a place that rarely has extreme weather, there have been a few exceptions over the years. They include the great storm of October 1987. Dozens of people were (1) killed or injured and billions of pounds of damage was caused to buildings (2) properety. The bad weather began over the Bay of Biscay. (3) increasing in strength for a few days, this became a huge storm which started to move north. (4) , on the evening of 15 October it hit the English Channel. Neither the BBC (5) the Meteorological Office had predicted the storm earlier. (6) , when it arrived, nobody was prepared. Suddenly, in the middle of the night, hurricane winds (7) torrential rain swept over southern England.
London was badly affected (8) of the large number of tree-lined streets. The winds were (9) strong that thousands of trees were knocked over, falling on top of cars or buildings that were close to them.
(10) the storm there were power cuts as the high winds and falling trees destroyed electricity cables. As a (11) , many places were in complete darkness, which made things difficult for (12) the fire and ambulance services.
Surprisingly, even (13) there were hurricane force winds throughout the night, several people were copletely unaware of what was happening. They not (14) had to sleep through the storm, they didn’t even hear the falling trees crashing onto their cars on the street. Of course, as (15) as they woke up, they received the nasty shock.
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Pregunta 1 de 20
1. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
1. __________ we know the owner of the shop, we always get a good price.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 2 de 20
2. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
2. __________ the house is old, it can get very cold in winter.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 3 de 20
3. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
3. We got up early __________ be on time for the flight.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 4 de 20
4. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
4. We took an umbrella __________ we wouldn’t get wet if it rained.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 5 de 20
5. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
5. There was a bus strike yesterday. __________ most of my colleagues walked to work.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 6 de 20
6. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
6. It was __________ I recorded it onto a DVD.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 7 de 20
7. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
7. It’s too cold __________ to the park today.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 8 de 20
8. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
8. The weather wasn’t __________ her to sunbathe.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 9 de 20
9. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
9. __________ and her sister sing in the local choir.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 10 de 20
10. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
10. She couldn’t buy the book __________ the high price..CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 11 de 20
11. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
11. Alan goes jogging every morning as well as __________ to the gym regularly.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 12 de 20
12. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
12. They didn’t win the race __________ training hard.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 13 de 20
13. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
13. __________ the hotel was comfortable, it was rather a long way from the beach.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 14 de 20
14. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
14. We got home in time even though __________.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 15 de 20
15. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
15. The singer performed well despite __________ a sore throat.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 16 de 20
16. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
16. The garden is rather small. __________, they manage to grow quite a lot of vegetables.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 17 de 20
17. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
17. I saw my old school teacher __________ I was in Rome.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 18 de 20
18. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
18. __________ I got into bed, I turned off the light and fell asleep.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 19 de 20
19. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
19. After __________ the back door, I went upstairs to my bedroom.CorrectoIncorrecto -
Pregunta 20 de 20
20. Pregunta
Choose the correct answer
20. In the morning, we went down to the beach. __________ at the beach café.CorrectoIncorrecto