PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
¿Qué son las 'participle clauses'?
Las ‘participle clauses’ son estructuras reducidas que pueden usarse para sustituir otras oraciones con ‘connecting words’ tales como while, because, if, after, etc. Cuando esto ocurre, se suele eliminar el linker, el sujeto y, algunas veces, los auxiliares. También se cambia el verbo a alguna forma de participio. Las principales formas de participio en inglés son las siguientes:
Formas de participio en el inglés | |
---|---|
Present active participle form | washing |
Present passive participle form | being washed |
Past participle form | washed |
Perfect active participle form | having washed |
Perfect passive participle form | having been washed |
Para poder hacer esto en una oración que contenga dentro otra oración con un linker, es necesario que el sujeto en la participle clause y en la oración principal sean el mismo.
- While we were travelling along the road, we could enjoy the views.
- Travelling along the road, we could enjoy the views.
- Because it was barking loudly, the dog scared us.
- Barking loudly, the dog scared us.
- Because it was barking loudly, we were scared.
Barking loudly, we were scared. X
- While she was moaning in pain, she was examined by a young doctor.
- Moaning with pain, she was examined by a young doctor.
Moaning with pain, a young doctor examined her. X
Al usarse en lugar de oraciones con ‘linking words’, hacen la funcion de estas, esto es, dan información sobre causa, resultado, condicion o tiempo de los eventos descritos. Se pueden emplear, por ejemplo, para hacer más variados nuestros escritos.
Suelen utilizarse típicamente en situaciones formales.
¿Cómo se usan las 'participle clauses'?
Para hacer negativa una participle clause, normalmente colocamos el ‘not’ delante del verbo en participio. No obstante, también podemos encontrar la negación tras el participio para negar otra parte de la estructura:
- As he didn’t want to wait any longer, he left.
- Not wanting to wait any longer, he left (= he didn’t want to wait any longer)
- While she was pretending not to notice him, she walked straight past.
- Pretending not to notice him, she walked straight past (=fingiendo no darse cuenta de su presencia, ella pasó de largo caminando)
Podemos encontrar distintos tipos de ‘participle clauses’:
1. PRESENT/CONTINUOUS PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Las participle clauses de este tipo pueden usarse cuando queremos hablar de acciones que ocurren más o menos a la vez.
- Turning the corner, we saw the hospital in front of us. (=As we were turning the corner we saw the hospital in front of us).
En el inglés escrito también pueden emplearse para describir el marco o escenario de una información o historia.
- Living in Los Angeles, Brad was one of those ever-optimistic movie wannabes.
- Standing alone in the desert, the huge pyramid dominated the landscape.
Más ejemplos:
- Because we arrived late, we couldn’t find a room.
- Arriving late, we couldn’t find a room.
- While you glide silently along in a canoe, you get to see a rural Kerala.
- Gliding silently along in a canoe, you get to see a rural Kerala.
- When he looked outside, he saw the police car.
- Looking outside, he saw the police car.
- Because she didn’t feel very well, she sat down.
- Not feeling very well, she sat down.
Podemos usar preposiciones tales como ‘after’, ‘by’, ‘in’, ‘while’, ‘with’, ‘since’, etc. en una present participle clause para hacer el mensaje más claro.
- After visiting several temples, we returned to the hotel for a rest.
- By not eating between meals, she managed to reach her target weight.
2. PAST/SIMPLE PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Podemos usar estas ‘participle clauses’ para hablar sobre razones y condiciones.
- Caught locally every day, the fish is always wonderfully fresh. (razón)
- Made from the softest leather imaginable, they are as comfortable as a pair of slippers. (razón)
- Sold in Britain, the boots would have cost a lot more. (condición: If they were sold in Britain…).
Podemos usar tanto ‘having + -ed‘ como una ‘present participle clause‘ para hablar de eventos que suceden de forma consecutiva. No obstante, si usamos la primera enfatizamos que esta acción (expresada en la ‘participle clause’) ocurre y se completa antes de que empiece la acción principal.
- Having climbed to the top of the hill, I could see all the way to the Mediterranean. (acción primera de escalar terminada antes de darse la principal de ver el Mediterráneo).
- Climbing to the top of the hill, I could see all the way to the Mediterranean.
3. PERFECT PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Se suele usar el ‘perfect participle’ en lugar del ‘present participle’ si la acción en la oración principal es el resultado de los eventos en la ‘participle clause’. Nos estamos refiriendo a una acción que, por lo tanto, se realizó antes que otra, y que normalmente va a sustituir (esta ‘partíciple clause’) a una frase en pasado perfecto.
- Because we had lost our credit cards, we had to get some money sent to us.
- Having lost our credit cards, we had to get some money sent to us.
- …having had an indulgent lunch, I’d lie in a hammock…
Podemos usar preposiciones tales como ‘after’, ‘by’, ‘in’, ‘while’, ‘with’, ‘since’, etc. en una perfect participle clause para hacer el mensaje más claro.
- After having visited several temples, we returned to the hotel for a rest.
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Pregunta 1 de 6
1. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. While they waited in line for buses during a recent one-day train strike, London’s commuters displayed remarkable patience with their struggling Underground.
B. in line for buses during a recent one-day train strike, London’s commuters displayed remarkable patience with their struggling Underground.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 2 de 6
2. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. Although they were frustrated, most people just shrugged and went back to their newspapers, as if they were trying to ignore this latest inconvenience.
B. , most people just shrugged and went back to their newspapers, to ignore this latest inconvenience.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 3 de 6
3. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. Since it opened in 1863, the Underground has grown into a sprawling network of tracks, some of which are in desperate need of repair.
B. in 1863, the Underground has grown into a sprawling network of tracks, some of which are in desperate need of repair.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 4 de 6
4. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. Although it manages to cover its operating costs from fares, the Underground never seems to have enough money for long-term investment and maintenance.
B. to cover its operating costs from fares, the Underground never seems to have enough money for long-term investment and maintenance.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 5 de 6
5. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. The government’s argument is that, once it has been broken into several private companies, each of the system’s smaller parts will be better able to attract new investment.
B. The government’s argument is that, into several private companies, each of the system’s smaller parts will be better able to attract new investment.
CorrectoIncorrecto -
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Pregunta 6 de 6
6. Pregunta
Complete the second sentence with a Participle clause so it means the same as the first one.
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A. Opponents of the government’s plan to sell parts of the Underground say that they should not be allowed to proceed until they make sure that all existing lines are safe for passengers.
B. Opponents of the government’s plan to sell parts of the Underground say that they should not be allowed to proceed until that all existing lines are safe for passengers.
CorrectoIncorrecto -